Business Ethics and International Business - 3026 Words

QUESTION : Business and Ethical practices/Issues in International Business and the role of Multinational enterprises (MNEs) Introduction to Business and Ethics The ethical-related issues have represented the foundation of different religions and life styles. Ethics can be found in all aspects of human activity as the individuals have been preoccupied with the quality of their behavior towards the people around. Even if they do not purposefully intend to improve their relations with the others, people always evaluate their behavior from the point of view of their correctness. Nowadays, consumers and pressure groups appear to be increasingly demanding firms to seek out more ethical and ecologically sound ways of doing business. The†¦show more content†¦The goal for companies in this case is to lower their overall cost structure or improve the quality or functionality of their product and gain competitive advantage. International Business Ethical Practices As companies expand their operations across the globe, new trends and issues arise daily that could create burdens to organizations. The need for international business ethical practices within organizations has become critical in day-to-day operations and in avoiding legal issues. With public scandals and misleading practices companies have affected the public’s views and opinions of many organizations. Implementing strategies such as codes of conduct guides multinational organization in the efforts of following ethical standards. When ethical norms are in conflict, owning different cultural practices, ethical norms guides businesses conduct in other nations and cultures .Pointing that ethical aspect of employees’ conduct has an overall impact on the productivity of an organization. For organization to improve the ethical climate, management must communicate proper ethical awareness throughout the organization by offering training, courses codes of ethics and reward program. Also management should appoint an ethic officer and ethics committee that could supervise the implementation of ethics policies These are a few methods that an organization can employShow MoreRelatedEthics in International Business842 Words   |  3 PagesEthics is an incredibly important aspect of domestic business. Companies and their employees need to be mindful of their decisions and actions, and how they affect others. But when business is taken to the international and global level, being conscious of ethics becomes absolutely vital. In order to be successful long-term, ethical practices must be followed, as well as having a level of social responsibility. Companies or individuals who do not have a laid-out, defined set of values may findRead More International Business: The Importance of Ethics in Business1636 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Business The business world has always relied heavily on contractual agreements while conducting business. These contracts while written in ink, are set in stone. Once your business partner signs his/her name on the dotted line the pact has been sealed and nothing else needs to be said. But what happens when you take away the physical contractual element and everything is agreed upon through ones word? The world of business ethics is an old discipline in most parts of the worldRead MoreImportance of Ethics in International Business1541 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Ethics in International Business Executive Summary Ethics in the business world is important and global. Ethics  indicate what is right and what is wrong in  business branches and also lead employees and stakeholders with moral values. Due to the globalization of markets and production processes, business people have to deal with ethical issues in cross-cultural settings at an increasing number. The purpose of this paper is to explain the importance of international business, emphasiseRead MoreEthics and International Business Essays2084 Words   |  9 PagesEthics and International Business: Finding the Lesser Evil At the beginning of this course it was made apparent that the class was not meant to be a monologue by the instructor but a discussion. From the numerous discussions held in class, I have come to the belief that ethics in international business was the most significant topic discussed in this course. Ethics in international business and the outsourcing of labor is a prevalent issue that affects not only the United States and our nationsRead MoreBusiness Ethics Of International Business : Culture, Consumers And Employees1152 Words   |  5 PagesCourse: INB385 International Business Date: October 11, 2015 Response to Ethical Challenges in International Business: Culture, Consumers and Employees Introduction General business ethics applies in the case of international business. However, international business ethics poses a particularly different difficulty- from domestic business- as a result of the scope of diversity that managers have to deal with: cultural, economic and legal, etc. Although the contents of business ethics are to an extentRead MoreEthics Codes And The World Of International Business1404 Words   |  6 PagesEthics or what it is sometimes known as moral philosophy is an idea that involves the decision or right or wrong conduct. Ethics play a very vital role in any business and especially in the world of international business. In an international business setting the set of ethically right doings expands greatly due to a particular countries ethics standards. Not all ethics standards are the same especially when dealing with countries across the seas from the United States of America. Due to differentRead MoreEssay about Ethics in International Business1657 Words   |  7 Pages Ethics in International Business Abstract International business ethics challenges the corporate world to deal with questions of what to do in situations where ethical standards come into conflict as a result of the different cultural practices in the nation. Since, there is this dilemma that has progressively troubled the large multinational corporations, international business ethics has arisen to help address these adhesive subject matters. There are several international business ethicsRead MoreThe Role Of Ethics And Culture On An International Business Environment1508 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Geert Hofstede is one of many sociologists that studied and emphasized the importance of ethics and culture in an international business environment. He contended how the culture of the leaders and staff can help one to determine the achievement or ineffectiveness of that business. Rue Byars described leadership as an ability to influence people and willingly follow one’s guidance or adhere to one’s decisions (Rue, Byars, 2009). The most successful CEO’s and leaders have a well-definedRead MoreSocial responsibility and Ethics in International Business Essay1392 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal awareness Global awareness has become an essential proficiency in international business. In order to become globally aware, the managers of firms must be accepting of cultural differences, understand the culture, have an understanding of global economics and recognize the political trends (Cateora, Gilly, Graham, 2013). A majority of problems chanced upon are the outcome of the oddness of the surroundings the organization will be operating in the host country. Additionally, as describedRead MoreInternational Business Ethics And Ethical Issues Within International Organizations1113 Words   |  5 Pagestopic of discussion that may, or may not affect your opinion within international organisations. Do you believe international business encourage firms and organisations to become socially responsible and ethical global citizens? What I am here to tell you today is that with the correct organisational procedures, internationally renowned businesses are able to become socially responsible an d ethically recognised. However when international organisations have unseemly and immoral behavioural standards,

The Project Scope Management Knowledge Area - 1779 Words

The project scope management knowledge area is concerned with the work the project is required to do, and only the work required, and is managed by controlling what is and what is not included in the project (PMI 2013, p.105). Scope management involves converting the owners or sponsors requirements into a definition of the asset and identify the work that is required to complete the project (Turner 2014, p.131). The vegetation elimination project manages scope primarily from the implementation business case, Project Scope Document (Table 1) and Work Breakdown Structure (Table 2). The Project Scope Statement was developed using expert advice from internal resources and external consultants. The Work Breakdown Structure uses the stage gate to separate out the phases of the project. When the project has moved to implementation phase, each location is separated into child elements of this phase. The Work Breakdown Structure allows he project team to understand their respective task and allows distribution of tasks to relevant team members, allowing costs to be evaluated, work packages scheduled and resources assigned (Mepyans-Robinson 2006, p.76) The forecast for the project is base lined at each stage gate, budget increase or change request. Additionally, all projects are re-forecasted on a quarterly basis. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is reviewed and re-forecasted monthly once actual costs are closed off for the month. Variance for budget and forecast isShow MoreRelatedUnit 1 : Project Management Concepts904 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 1: Project Management Concepts 1.) Compare and contrast the three components of the triple constraint. Evaluate the consequences of changes occurring in each component. There are three components, Scope, Time, and Cost. Scope focuses on the work that has to be done. Making changes to the scope increases the costs of the project and also affects the time required to complete the project. Time focuses on the amount of time it will take to complete the project. Again making any changes to the timelineRead MoreControlling Triple Constraints Of Scope, Time And Budget1425 Words   |  6 Pages controlling triple constraints of scope, time and budget. Project managers need measurements to manage a project’s outcome and in my view, we cannot manage anything if we cannot measure. The measurements like cost and time are easy to measure using quantitative technique. It is a challenge to measure intangible benefits and need qualitative method or mixed method. Project Management Methodologies There are many proven project management methodologies are available today for organizations to achieveRead MoreInside the Square: A Case Study1250 Words   |  5 PagesSquare project commenced in 1998 under the Victorian Government led by Jeff Kennett. The project would take six years to complete, involve over 5000 people, cost approximately $467m and would eventually receive a significant amount of public condemnation (Crawford, 2009). The following report will analyze the sequence of events as portrayed in the ABC documentary, â€Å"Inside the Square†, against the knowledge areas of the Project Management Institutes (PMIs) Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)Read MoreProject Management : Building Team And Managing Human Resources776 Words   |  4 PagesAll of subjects in project management are very important. However, there are several of them that I personally really keen on including defining project approach and scope, managing project stakeholders, dealing with uncertainty and managing project execution. Looking in more detail at all of those aspects, understanding of project scope is necessary because it require us to understand scope planning which is a critical step in defining project scope including requirement and deliverables calledRead MoreProject Management : A Project Manager Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesIn project management, there are many methods to handle how the project should be completed, how an ethical situation should be handled, what types of decisions should be made. Furthermore, how much knowledge the project manager should possess, their focus of completing the job on budget and schedule, and understand the scope, as well as, knowing how to communicate. When I completed OGL 320: Foundations of Project Management, I understood the hard work the project manager had to endure to completeRead MoreThe Orion Shield Case Analysis Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe Orion Shield Project Case Study Executive Summary Project management is the science of planning, organizing, executing, and managing the resources needed to achieve a specific goal. Effective project managers (PM) strategically facilitate the entire project management process to ensure the project’s success. To do this the PM must adequately meet the specific requirements (i.e., time, scope, quality, and cost) set forth by the project and its stakeholders. It is theorized that PM must possessRead MoreProject Management1015 Words   |  5 Pagesor renewed interest in the field of project management? IT is growing at a rapid rate and with that growth demands people to manage this growth. People I think are more trained to be project managers and also there is new software that helps tremendously with the management part of the tasks. So demand is up, skilled workers are up, and the cost benefit is there for this renewed interest. 2. What is a project, and what are its main attributes? How is a project different from what most people doRead MoreProject Managment Essay779 Words   |  4 Pagesor renewed interest in the field of project management? There is a new or renewed interest in the field of project management because there is new technologies that are significantly used in many different countries and to keep in contact with these industries. World wide project management is used to develop the many different projects that are important within the industries. 2. a. What is a project, and what are its main attributes? b. How is a project different from what most people doRead MoreSoftware Project Management Quiz Questions1182 Words   |  5 Pages | ____ 2. ____ processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase. |a. |Monitoring and controlling |c. |Executing | |b. |Planning |d. |Initiating | ____ 3. The Project Communications Management knowledge area maps to the ____ process group through the activity of information distributionRead MoreWorking With Software Installations At Hewlett Packard1465 Words   |  6 Pagesas a consultant in Information Management technologies, specifically, working with software installations. I had a great experience and time working here, but, based in my performance, I was promoted to project manager junior without any experience or knowledge managing IT projects. As a challenge, I received this promotion, however, many things happened during 2 years holding this position and many problems were related with my lack of knowledge managing IT projects, even having technical skills

An Overview Of The Prison Systems Free Essays

This critique on the criminal justice system is going to focus on prisons. Prisons are institutions for the confinement of persons convicted of criminal offenses. This paper is going to discuss the early history of prisons, early American prisons, goals of prisons, North Carolina prisons, and an overall overview of the prison system. We will write a custom essay sample on An Overview Of The Prison Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout history, most societies have built places in which to hold persons accused of criminal acts pending some form of trial. But the confinement of persons/criminals after a trial for punishment is relatively new. In ancient times (around the 15th century), the penalties for crime were often some type of corporal punishment. Whipping, drawn and quartered, broken on the wheel, burned at the stake, beheaded, hanged, or stretched on the rack. In the 16th century England, vagrants and petty offenders were committed to correctional institutions known as workhouses, a correctional facility for persons guilty of minor criminal violations. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the government began to transport convicted felons to the English colonies. The punishment was initially thought of as the hard labor to which the prisoners were consigned. However, the idea that persons convicted of crime could be punished and then released after a relatively long period of time, was a new concept. Jails were first used as collection points for criminals awaiting transportation. Early jails were mostly dark, overcrowded, and filthy. The prisoners were held together indiscriminately, no separation of men and women, the young and old, the convicted and the unconvicted, or the sane and the insane. In America, the concept of imprisonment became a realization. The English Quaker, William Penn, abolished the death penalty for most crimes in the late 1600s, substituting imprisonment as a punishment. After battling between the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1718 and the replacement with incarceration in 1789, the Walnut Street Goal (Philadelphia) became the first prison in the United States. By the mid 19th century, most of the other states had followed. Two prison models soon emerged in the U.S. The first system, known as the Auburn Model, began in New York in 1817. The prisoners worked together in total silence during the day, but were housed separately at night. Very strict discipline was enforced, and violators were subjected to severe reprisals. The second model, Pennsylvania, began in 1829 at Cherry Hill (Eastern State Penitentiary). The Pennsylvania model was based on solitary confinement for convicts both day and night. The two models were both criticized very vigorously. Proponents of the Pennsylvania model focused on its hope of rehabilitation. The theory of being a felon and locked up alone all day in a cell with nothing but a Bible to read, would help out drastically. The Auburn model was criticized as being virtual slavery. This was thought because of the fact that the prisoners were often put to work for private entrepreneurs who had contracted with the state for their labor. Prisoners were never paid, leaving profits for the business owners and the state. Advocates of the Auburn model alleged that the idleness of the prisoners in the Cherry Hill penitentiary sometimes caused madness. Proponents stressed the activity of the prisoners and the profits from their labor, which meant that the states did not have to finance the prison. Rehabilitation was the systems main goal. In 1870, the National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline (known as the American Correctional Association) met for the first time in Cincinnati, Ohio. The congress adopted a set of principles for corrections, chief of which was the primary goal of rehabilitation. This led to the juvenile reformatories. Although the attempts to rehabilitate were relatively unsuccessful, the goal of rehabilitation changed the criminal justice system in the following decades. Probation and parole, work release, community corrections, and even a separate system of procedures and courts for dealing with juveniles, can all be traced to what was discussed at the first meeting in 1870. The Rehabilitation programs such as vocational training, guidance counseling, and psychotherapy began as part of the whole rehabilitation goal. In 1975, a study of more than 240 such programs essentially concluded that none was truly successful in reducing the recidivism rate (relapse into criminal behavior). Although there have been much criticism to this study, many believe the basic conclusion that participation in these programs was often not really voluntary, because prisoners hoped parole boards would look favorably on those who enrolled. Most penologist (a branch of criminology dealing with prison management and the treatment of offenders) now agree that rehabilitation is not a proper reason for imprisoning someone. Thus, rehabilitation is no longer the only, or even the main objective of correction agencies. In North Carolina, it wasn†t until 1868 that the state adopted a new constitution that provided for a state penitentiary. Inmates began building North Carolinas first prison, Central Prison, in 1870. It was a completed castle-like structure near the state capitol. It was finished in December 1884, when the prisoners started moving in.  · In 1875, these same inmates were leased to private employers as laborers and farmers. Under the lease, businesses had complete responsibility for the inmates. Many worked in rock quarries and built railways, while others farmed two tracts of land that the state leased.  · In 1901, inmates began working on state roads. They were moved from work sight to work sight in horse-drawn prison cages. In 1910, the incentive wage system began and inmates could then earn up to 15 cents a day, paid upon release, for the work that was being done.  · In 1925, the General Assembly enacted a law changing the state†s prison from a corporation to a department of state government. At the time, the state prison system included Central Prison, Caledonia Prison Farm, Camp Polk Prison Farm and eight road camps. Then, due to lack of regular maintenance and repair, the conditions were diminishing. The state took over the control of the prisons and the inmates, and provided new construction money from the Highway Fund for prison renovation.  · In 1935, women inmates form Central Prison moved to a south Raleigh prison camp, the site of today†s Correctional Institution for Women. Women from the Caledonia Prison Farm moved to the Raleigh facility permanently in 1956.  · In 1957, North Carolina became the first state to initiate a work release program that allowed inmates to work in private employment during the day and return to confinement at night.  · In 1958, striped prison clothing was replaced with gray uniforms for close custody, brown for medium, and green for minimum.  · In 1965, all prisons were desegregated and mental health services were established in prisons. Prisoners in North Carolina have numerous things they can do. Prisoners can work, volunteer, go to the correctional chaplain, work out, or just about anything. These inmates work in many different places. Food Services, Unit Services, Work Release, Prison Industry, Road Squads, Construction, State Agencies, Local Agencies, Community Work Crews, Vocational Education, and Academic Education. Other inmates take part in substance abuse treatment, have health problems, or are being admitted into prison. Ministry to the incarcerated is as old as incarceration itself. Chaplincy in North Carolina dates back to 1876. In the spring of 2000, over 100 chaplains were serving the inmate population. Annually, countless numbers of worship services, scripture studies, seminars, counseling sessions, segregation visits, and chaplains conduct special events. Prison chaplaincy is a special ministry of opportunity. It can be a rewarding spiritual endeavor for those persons who have felt a divine call to this challenging ministry. At the beginning of 2001, North Carolina†s prison system consisted of 78 prison units of various sizes with eight of the units having a standard operating capacity of less than 90 inmates. However, the largest facility, Central Prison, has a capacity of 937. The cost of North Carolina†s prison system varies from different forms of custody. For the Fiscal Year 1999-2000, the daily operating cost of the 64 bed medium security prison unit at Cleveland County was $54.06 per inmate per day, compared to the $36.44 per inmate daily cost of the 832 bed medium security unit at Brown Creek. The cost goes by prison security level. The system wide average operational cost for housing inmates in North Carolina prisons in Fiscal Year 1999-2000 was $65.65 per day. It is broken down into:  · Minimum Custody at $52.52 per day In theory, the U.S. prison system today consists of a variety of institutions (minimum, medium, maximum, jails, and federal institutions) each adapted to the characteristics and risks posed by its population. Minimum-security prisons are often built on a campus like arrangement, which allows the prisoners autonomy and freedom within broad bounds. It is a prison facility with the lowest level of security for nondangerous, stable offenders. Prisoners may have rooms with opaque doors rather than cells that are under constant surveillance. Visits are normally private, where close contact with visitors is encouraged in order to enhance their prisoner†s ties with the family and community. Medium-security prisons are a middle-level prison facility with a more relaxed security measures and fewer inmates. Maximum-security prisons (the most secure prison facility) are often massive buildings, with high masonry walls or electrified fences, where the primary concern is security. Prisoners are under constant surveillance where their movements are severely restricted, and many are required to remain in their cells almost the entire day. Outdoor recreation is minimal, and visits, when allowed, are often conducted by telephone, with a glass partition between the prisoner and the visitor. There are about 130 of these maximum-security prisons that collectively house more than 100,000 prisoners. Jails, a place of confinement for persons held in lawful custody: such a place under the jurisdiction of a local government (as a county) for the confinement of persons awaiting trial or those convicted of minor crimes , are typically not part of the state prison system. They are often managed individually by the districts or counties in which they are located. Many criticize the jail, saying that is the worst part of the U.S. penal organization. In recent decades, most prison systems in the U.S. have come under legal scrutiny, and the courts have found them severely wanting. Many have been declared unconstitutional in the sense that the conditions- including idleness, overcrowding, poor medical care, substantial violence, and lack of rights accorded prisoners- render confinement in these institutions â€Å"cruel and unusual† punishment and hence in violation of the 8th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, (Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted ). Such judicial decisions have increased the pressure on state prison authorities to replace their antiquated prison facilities with more modern and humane institutions, in keeping with the ideals set forth by penologists a century ago. How to cite An Overview Of The Prison Systems, Essay examples

Organization study free essay sample

As whole has got the following departments Production department Marketing department Quality control department Finance department Aamlnlstratlve department Production Department The actual production of oil takes place only in Karunagappally oil complexes. This production function is controlled by the plant manager and by the shift manager. The core of the production lies in KERAFED which is the single largest procurer of coconut / copra produced in Kerala. A massive daily effort undertaken at the doorsteps of the farmers and involving agricultural co-operative societies spread all ver the state. Marketing Department has it all an aggressive marketing strategy, energetic sales team with an insight into the future, tremendous confidence gained from the past and reasonable ambitions for an unprecedented innings. Ahead. Kera is concurrently part of the biggest retail network-CSD, Ministry of defense oil seed co-operative like Karnataka Oil federation (kof) Tamil Nadu Co-operative. Human Resource Department Human resource department refers to a set of programs, activities of functions esigned of carried out in order to maximize both employee and organisational effectiveness. We will write a custom essay sample on Organization study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Jucius, human resource refers to a whole consisting of interrelated, inter-department and integrity physiological, psychological, and sociological of ethical components. Thus human resource represents the quantitative and qualitative measurement of work force required in an organisation. The goal of human resource management is to help an organisation to meet strategic goals by attracting, maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word ere pernaps It TIC I e a HRM approacn seeks to ensure a nt Detween tne management of an organisations employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company. Human resource management comprises several processes. Together they are supposed to achieve the above mentioned goal. This process can be performed in an HR department, but some tasks can also be outsourced or performed by line managers or other departments Quality Control Department Kerafed adheres to quality specification of a global standard stringently at all stages of production. The extend that only Grade. I Copra certified by the bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) is set aside for processing. Kerafed quality control laboratory meet A mark parameters confirm the purity of Kera. Kerafed employs strict quality control measure to ensure product superiority and purity. Finance Department Kerafed is planning to do cost analysis in the field of procurement production and marketing. Special drive is made for the maximum procurement of Copra of goof quality in peak season and when the market price is lower, so that the more margins are gained. This department aims in proper management of finance as a resource to esult in optimum utilization of the financial resources of the company. Functions of Finance Departrment To ensure prompt payment in terms of a) Suppliers of equipments, machinery, materials etc. b) Employees as per wage agreement. c) Statutory payment like sales tax, income tax, excises duty etc. 2. To receive all income due to company in time 3. To record all transactions as per reluctant Acts, statutes or law ensuing the Karas availability year round is reality. The product of Kerafed the Kera coconut oil distributes the products to the following area.

The Dung Beetle, What a Marvelous Creature. Essay Example For Students

The Dung Beetle, What a Marvelous Creature. Essay It took me many hours of thinking back to my past to figure out who or what I was going tomake a tribute speech over.Then I thought back to my childhood to what I enjoyed doing themost. I remember the great times I had with my mother, and how she would always get me thepackage of candy I would ask for when we went shopping. My mother would make a good tributespeech I thought to myself, but then I thought of the few times I was out in my grandfatherspasture, and how I would see a little bug rolling dung. The Dung beetle, what a marvelous creature. We will write a custom essay on The Dung Beetle, What a Marvelous Creature. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Now, you may be wondering why I have chosen this topic for a tribute speech, or maybe why Iwould even consider talking about it at all, but do you realize what an important role these beetlesplay all around the world. I remember several days when I was young that I would just go for a walk in mygrandfathers pasture. I would enjoy the quiet walks, and sometimes try to scare the cows, butmore often than not, I would end up stopping to watch dung beetles frantically work on a big cowpat. I remember how disgusting it appeared, but I was just fascinated at the concept of cow poopbeing rolled into balls and taken away by bugs. To realize why dung beetles are so important, youmust first know a few facts about them. Dung beetles are named after their delight in rolling updung. Dung beetles utilize the dung of cows, horses, rabbits, deer, sheep, and many otheranimals. How many of you think dung beetles actually eat manure? The answer is yes. Dungbeetles just love fresh dung. They shove the dung into their mouths, squeeze it, and drink thejuices that come streaming out! The solid parts of the dung are squeezed for a second time in theirjaws, and then swallowed. If there are any eggs that flies might have la id inside the dung, thissqueezing action kills them. Now, before you say Gross! think about this: There are millions ofanimals on this planet, and they all produce waste. People take care of the problem throughcomplicated sanitation systems. But in nature, the waste from all the animals has to decompose. Dung beetles help speed up the process. There are more than 20,000 different kinds of dungbeetles. They may feed on plants, dead animals and manure. Dung, along with everything else thatlives in it, is the major food of the dung beetle. In fact African dung beetles head for hot steamingcow pats even before they hit the ground. They are attracted by the gas coming out of the back endof the cow. Within minutes or even seconds, the beetles are already burrowing into the warm dung. Within hours, or at the very most, a few days, the cow pat has vanished. All that is left is freshlyturned-over soil. Scientists have counted more than 7,000 dung beetles in a single mass of freshelephant dung. The importance of dung beetles cannot be overestimated. Every cow produces 7tons of dung a year (imagine the amount of space this would take up if it was left to build up andfester!) and yet this dung is rapidly removed by dung beetles and the grassy fields are soon left freeof dung.I hope that you have leaned why the dung beetle should be respected, and given tributemore often. Not only do dung beetles play a vital role in breaking down dung and incorporating itinto the soil, but they also provide a great form of childhood entertainment. (To add to the effect, pass out some Buterfinger BBs or some malt balls before you gie the speech.)

Vacuum Definition and Examples

Vacuum Definition and Examples Vacuum Definition A vacuum is a volume that encloses little or no matter. In other words, it is a region that has a gaseous pressure much lower than that of atmospheric pressure.A partial vacuum is a vacuum with low amounts of matter enclosed. A total, perfect, or absolute vacuum has no matter enclosed. Sometimes this type of vacuum is referred to as free space. The term vacuum comes from the Latin vacuus, which means empty. Vacuus, in turn, comes from the word vacare, which means be empty. Common Misspellings vaccum, vaccuum, vacuume Vacuum Examples Vacuum tubes are devices, usually made of glass, that contain very low gas pressures inside the tube.Space is considered a vacuum. Space does contains matter, but the pressure is much lower than what you would find on a planet, for example.A vacuum cleaner sucks up debris because it creates a pressure difference between the area to be cleaned and the suction tube.Your lungs intake air when your diaphragm drops, creating a partial vacuum in the alveoli of the lungs, causing air to rush in.

A New Housing Development in the North Essex Assignment - 1

A New Housing Development in the North Essex - Assignment Example A different types of property mix found in these areas, whether the property infrastructure differs between these areas, the cost comparison of different properties in these areas and any interesting aspect near these areas that can add value to the aforesaid property and finally what are the issues how the total pricing of a property may be considered. It is an accepted fact in the Real Estate industry that the price of any property will vary with location; total carpet area, amenities and value additions like nearby supermarkets, swimming pool, and open space. Hence each variable must be considered while proposing a new establishment both for cost effectiveness and customer focus (Pagourtzi et al, 2003). Data Collection: We have considered housing properties in Colchester, Mersea Island, and Jaywick and details were collected from http://www.rightmove.co.uk/.We selected 58 properties in Jaywick, 60 in Mersea Island and 59 in Colchester so a total of 178 properties were selected. The distribution was more or less equal. For the above analysis and comparison, t-tests and ANOVAs were conducted and the p-value was noted. The hypothesis was that if the p-value is less than 0.05 it will mean that there is a significant difference between the observations and the observation has not taken place due to chance factors of random sampling and if the p-value is more than 0.05 it will mean that there is a no significant difference between the observations and the observation has taken place due to chance factors of random sampling (Warne et al, 2012). Further, a multiple regression equation was conducted to find how does pricing of a property relate to the various independent variables like bedrooms, parking space, and others. The equation was done through the software based on R programming language (Wessa, 2014).

Your vision of leadership (Double Weighted) Assignment

Your vision of leadership (Double Weighted) - Assignment Example Various theories of leadership have been developed, and various styles of leadership have been embraced. There are various theories and models of leadership that have been formulated. It has also been evidenced that individuals portray various leadership styles (Choosing the Right Approach for the Situation, 2015). In fact, great leaders are able to combine the various styles of leadership to achieve their objectives and set targets. Naturalist theory of leadership establishes that leaders are born (Leadership theories, leadership models and leadership principles, 2015). According to the theory, the traits of a great leader can be seen from the early years of development of a child. The children do not need to acquire any special form of training to make admirable leaders in the society. Going through the theory, memories of my childhood flash through my mind. I remember instances where I would allocate duties to my siblings who were older than me. I would mobilize friends and neighbors to do general clean-up activities in the homestead. I would like to be a transformational leader. Transformational leadership is mostly applicable to the business environment. The traits that put transformational leaders above others are their high level of integrity, empathy, and humility. Their problem-solving skills coupled with conflict resolution techniques highly boost the growth of the enterprises they work in. They set precise goals and are able to motivate other employees who share in his beliefs (Leadership Styles, 2015). Transformational leaders are immensely productive. Jack Welch, a retired Chief Executive Officer of General Electric, was a leader of great valor. He is a result-oriented individual, who through his zeal and effort caused the rapid growth of the firm. I get inspired by his stories of how he turned the company around. He inspires me be to be more and achieve greater results. The school of

Group Development Intro and Conclusion only Assignment

Group Development Intro and Conclusion only - Assignment Example There are studies which support the concept that groups influence work behavior. A group is composed of individuals working together towards common goals by interacting with one another and utilizing appropriate resources. They need a certain period of time for common interests to be discussed, explained and internalized so that stability and efficiency would ensue. From the cohesiveness that a group develops, certain level of performance is achieved. Groups have to be planned not only in their formation but more so in their development for them to be productive and efficient. Each team undergoes varies stages of development depending on their size and objectives. The extent of cohesiveness that a team develops influences the level of performance of a group. High performing teams are influenced by factors such as mission, roles, leadership, communication, decision-making, systems/procedures, climate, rewards, and competence. It is learning how these teams evolve from a basic structure composed of individuals to a complex, performing team that makes theoretical applications of group development

Research Design Primary Data Methods Marketing Essay

Research Design Primary Data Methods Marketing Essay To determine Britains substantial growth and unexploited opportunities in caffeine markets Starbucks can research on first-hand information that isnt readily available. Starbucks having access to a lot of information during its research has hired a research organization like Bruzzone. (Lamb C.W. et al, 2008). Also having to re-evaluate the current business activities, customers, product mix and store design to avoid closures and decline in the market share like in Australia and also America, in order to adapt in Britain they have carried out primary marketing research plan, to understand the consumer attitudes towards Starbucks, as follows: Surveys: The customers or the public are asked for their opinions. The demographics and segmentation taken into account. Examples include where the customers are asked questions about their frequency of coffee consumption. The answer being rated between criteria of options we gain a quantitative insight of information. Sampling: A method where the validity of information can be established by selecting a random sample of candidates from the entire population. Non- Probability Sampling involves selection on a subjective basis and not computable, Being more dependent on the researchers personal judgment. Starbucks can use this qualitative method to assess diverse information such as customer ethnicities, attitudes and brand equity. Also with convenience sampling Starbucks holds coffee tasting sessions, and mobile sampling methods which allow reaching a wider audience also to emphasize the culture and experience of Starbucks. (Starbucks, 2010) Personal Interviews: Involves the interviewer asking various questions from the interviewee to understand and gain an insight of their behavior and attitudes also called word association. Although it gives valuable qualitative information it may be impractical to be carried out, due to the large number of Starbucks coffee consumers, this research method being expensive and also time consuming. Consumer Panels: Starbucks developed sites like Facebook, YouTube, Starbucks RED and MyStarbucksIdea.com where customers can share their thoughts with other customers as well as current employees (Starbucks, 2010). Observations: The trained observer watches and records the behavior of the consumers. To identify and to understand the consumption patterns, Starbucks can use this method to learn more about the customers demographics, age, ethnicities, and their simple reactivity towards an advertisement having in mind the implication of  this research technique. Focus groups: Informal non-structured discussions among actual customers, qualitative research involving a moderator to understand the customers view point about the product, price and the brand equity. Starbucks carries out online focus groups to reach customers easily in various geographical locations. Secondary Data methods: Secondary Research involves the use of data previously collected for other purposes. Information includes documents within the company such as annual reports, also the reports of the stockholders, media results and reviews are basic qualitative information available online and in other means, that can be accessed easily with more convenience also its significantly cheaper than primary information. Other methods Include: Government records: include a lot of information about consumer market, companies websites and records etc. This information will of highly valuable use to Starbucks because it helps them make important decisions like whether to expand specialty operations to consumers at shops, travel, work etc. Usually a cost benefit analysis is carried out at this stage. Consumer Records: Starbucks keeps a record of customers personal and financial information which is acquired when customers purchase items using Starbucks Card or other forms. This data can be used to respond to customer service issues, create personalized promotions, and communicate with customers about their orders and/or specific job opportunities (Starbucks, 2010). Website: Starbucks uses information about the use of website like the ISP, domain, browser, what pages are requested etc. The purpose of this is to ease access and convenience to customers and identify what is of interest to them by the pages they visit. 1.1.5 ANALYZING AND PRESENTING THE FINDINGS Once the information is collected the next step is analysis which involves interpreting and drawing conclusions from the collected information. Clean the data- The researcher first organizes the data and analyze by using different techniques in marketing research. Cross Tabulation- Its the degree of influence the independent variable upon the dependent variable, e.g. In Starbucks variable can be how strong the brand value and image of the company to its customers. The researchers can use such sophisticated methods like regression analysis, hypothesis testing, and measures of association. Perceptual Mapping- After research customer views are plotted on a chart to understand the customers view on experience, product, price, etc. Starbucks can use this method to segment the market of customers. After the completion of Data Analysis the researcher must prepare a report or communicate the findings with the management. The marketing researcher must ensure the results are credible and justified. This step involves the conclusion of whether Starbucks would be profitable and retain its growth in England in the long-run, and also include recommendations on how it could be achieved to guide the management. (Lamb C.W. et al, 2008).

Analysis of Techno-terrorism :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Techno-terrorism and the Future of Civilization      Ã‚  Ã‚   "Modern terrorism, with sophisticated technological means at its disposal and the future possibility of access to biological and nuclear weapons, presents a clear and present danger to the very existence of civilization itself"--Justice Arthur J. Goldberg. Mr. Goldberg's statement expresses a valid concern that has become an alarming reality. As terrorists trade pistols for airplanes and pipe bombs for nuclear explosives, technology is rapidly increasing the power, range, and effectiveness of attacks that terrorists are able to execute.    We should expect that terrorist attacks will become even more lethal for a few reasons. First, the terrorists themselves are becoming more technologically adept. Second, governments such as Iraq and Syria are providing the wherewithal for attacks against new and more sophisticated targets. Third, religious radicals are establishing new boundaries for mass violence beyond what had been previously anticipated. Finally, the threshold for new forms of attack has already been breached--such as the attacks on technological infrastructure and poisonings of municipal water supplies. Techno-terrorism is the topic of discussion for this paper, however, it is also a topic for legislators, governments, communities, and families to evaluate when molding the world of tomorrow. The purpose of this paper is to examine terrorist ideology and to explore the technology of terrorism and what impact it may have for the future of civilization.    In order to better understand terrorism and the effect that technology may have, one needs to be cognizant of the different elements of terrorism. One dimension to start with is the general strategies of terrorism--how are terrorists trying to accomplish their goals. Tactics--a related component to strategies--stands out as the essence to terrorism. Other elements that will be covered include personal weapons and technological improvements that serve as an added bonus to personal weapons. Lastly, the latest, and most noxious, phenomenon of terrorism is mass destruction--the use of explosives and nuclear warfare.    When I mentioned general strategies of terrorism, I mean that general themes and patterns or lack thereof will be discussed. The summation of the following points explain the focus of terrorism on a unbiased scale. The first of five major themes is the idea that the terrorist act must always have a victim--someone or something harmed by the act--in order for the act to be utilitarian. Second, there are no real targets in which an enemy or adversary is terminated, only symbolic targets.

Education & life Essay

Education has always been an important part of my life. I have always believed that through hard work and dedication, I may be able to fulfill my dreams and aspirations. Furthermore, I am more inclined into becoming one of the most successful graduates our school has ever had. I want to be able to show the world how an individual like me can make a difference in life. My name is (insert your name here) in taking (NAME OF COURSE) at the (NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY). I consider myself to be a well rounded individual. As a student, I am proficient with subject relating to Math, History and Science (insert subjects where you’re good at). Unlike others, I never experienced any difficulty with Math, for I am able to easily interpret and solve mathematical equations. This great fascination also led to an inclination for Science. History, on the other hand, opens my knowledge to greater heights, for I am greatly interested in the circumstances that happened in the past. I believe that being knowledgeable about these things would help me grasp things that happen nowadays. Aside from my fascination for education, I am also active in my extra curricular activities. I am a well socialized person and loves dealing with everyone else. I believe that having many friends is one of my greatest achievements because I can relate to their ups and downs. Moreover, I also have passion in taking care animals more specifically marine animals. I was overwhelmed when I received my license in scuba diving and this boost my confidence even more. The said license gave me more opportunity to travel beneath the sea and meet my favorite mammals like dolphins and sharks. I am very proud of this achievement because the water world and animal kingdom are part of the society that is not yet congested by pollutions and negative activities as compared to the land. Receiving my license in scuba diving is not that easy. I undergo various exercises and lessons before I succeeded. This can be compare to life and education as well. If I will not work hard and follow the instructions I will end up drowning not only in water but in the pool of ignorance and misery. Education is best achieved when one works harder each day. Being admitted to your good university will serve as the path towards my dream of becoming (insert ambition here). I know that my skills and talents are not enough for me to be considered for a position in your school. All I know is that I am equipped with my determination to succeed and fulfill my dreams. From my experiences, excelling in both co-curricular and extra curricular activities is not easy. Success surpasses just the basics of passing all subjects in school and excelling in them. Success also requires much determination, dedication, hard work and prayers. Moreover, my dreams and aspirations do not end after graduation. I would use my experiences and knowledge to be of service to those in need. Furthermore, I would indulge myself in more programs that could help me become a better individual and a unique professional. I would apply everything that the (insert name of university here) imbibed in me and still yearn for more information and ideas that would help in the upheaval of our society. Being a graduate of this prestigious institution would also come to my advantage, for I may be able to inspire others to strive hard and become known in their chosen fields. My life is filled with numerous decisions, and choosing the (insert name of university here) is definitely the answer to my dreams.

The pardoners tale

The pardoners tale The Pardoner's Greed The pardoner, in Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Pardoner's Tale," is a devious character. He is a man with a great knowledge of the Catholic Church and a great love of God. However, despite the fact that he is someone whom is looked at with respect at the time, the pardoner is nothing more than an imposter who makes his living by fooling people into thinking he forgives their sins, and in exchange for pardons, he takes their money. His sermon-like stories and false relics fool the people of the towns he visits and make him seem as a plausible man, which is exactly what the pardoner wants. In fact, the pardoner is an avaricious and deceitful character whose driving force in life is his motto, "Radix malorum est cupiditas," which is Latin for "greed is the root of evil." The pardoner's entire practice is based upon his motto and is motivated entirely by greed.The Pardoner, from Geoffrey Chaucer's The Pardoner...The pardoner is supposed to forgive sins, however, he views h is position as a scheme to make money and turns it into a fraud. His excellent speaking skills allow him to turn this profession into a scam. He attracts the people with his storytelling and his sermons, which are pleasing to them, "By God, I hope I shal yow telle a thyng / That shal by reson been at youre liking," (457-58). One example of a sermon about his motto is the tale of the three rioters. This tale gives an ironic explanation related to the rioters deaths, due to greed and the pardoners practice of his profession, which is also driven by greed (Rossignol, 267). He tells the people what they would like to hear, so that he may pull them into his trap and later cheat them out...

How to Write Numbers (With as Little Confusion as Possible)

How to Write Numbers (With as Little Confusion as Possible) As with several other English grammar rules (capitalization of titles, were looking at you!) relating to how to write numbers will vary depending on the sources you use. For example, in AP style, you would spell out whole numbers up to (and including) nine but write the numerals for 10 and above. In Chicago style, you would spell out whole numbers up to (and including) one hundred but write the numerals for 101 and above. Alternatively, you can spell out whole numbers up to (and including) nine and use numerals for the rest.So, is there a way to remember the rules without having to consult a style book each time? Yes, but it depends on the nature of your writing and for whom you are writing. For example, if you are writing a dissertation that follows a particular style, it is best to consult the style book when any number comes up in the text. However, for general business writing, fiction and most nonfiction (unless its technical writing), there are some standard rules to follow, wh ich we will cover here.Rule #1Spell out whole numbers up to and including nine.Examples:Zerofour10110Rule #2Spell out numbers that begin a sentence unless it is a year. When doing so, avoid using and such as One hundred and one Dalmatians.Examples:1975 was a great year for music.One thousand dollars is a lot of money to pay for that watch.One hundred one Dalmatians.Rule #3When you have multiple numbers within the same sentence, consistency is key if the items are in the same category. If the items are in different categories, use numerals for one category and spell out the other.Examples:She bought the car that seats five instead of the minivan that seats nine.I read four books with over 300 pages each and two articles that were 12 pages each.Rule #4When numbers are next to each other in the sentence, it is best to write out one and use a numeral for the other in order to differentiate them.Example:We bought four 7-inch frames.

Non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods Essay

Non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods - Essay Example Fakhar et al. (2013) aimed to measure the pain anxiety related to change of dressing in admitted burn patients with age ranging from 18 to 60 years. The inclusion was only of 2nd degree burns (9-35% Total Body Surface Area-TBSA) and other burn degrees were excluded. Inclusion criteria meant people who are representative of the study and exclusion criteria meant people who may cause bias or hurt themselves. It is an experimental randomized clinical trial (RCT) with two groups. RCT is on the second top of hierarchy besides RCT can affect the decision-making if the sample size is calculated appropriately. RCTs are the useful trials that could admit the generalization of cause and affect relationships between intervention introduced and outcome measure. Sample size was estimated using power analysis to have a representative group. This power analysis helps to estimate the sample needed in experimental and control groups to support the findings as outlined by Burns and Grove (2009). The experimental group used jaw relaxation technique while the control group used usual medication care only without specifying it as this counted a weakness against the study. Randomization of allocation is done to ensure similarities in groups with a six months’ time period. Experimental group was taught to master jaw relaxation for 20 minutes and then asked to rate their pain anxiety level before dressing and again 15-20 minutes after the dressing.

INTERIM PROJECT REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INTERIM PROJECT REPORT - Essay Example They have become an expensive and drag-back problem in many ways. Accidental though avoidable back injuries are responsible for thousands of hours of lost output in the place of work and millions of dollars in lost returns. If you add health related costs, that including employee reimbursement claims and medical care that includes a range from simple first aid to key surgeries, and the expenditures incurred by the World’s business and industries makes them slug behind. Project scope and introduction In reference to The National Safety Council 1990 "industrial accident specifics", job related accidents caused injuries to the back more than any other body parts that were studied during the1989 research study. It was noted that back injuries were responsible for twenty-two percent of all the reported cases. All industry stakeholders, including employers, workforce, customers and the economy in general are all enormously affected. (Daltroy, L.H., Iversen, M.D., Larson, M.G., Lew, R., Wright, E., Ryan, J., Zwerling, C., Fossel, A.H., Liang, M.H. (1997). A controlled trial of an educational program to prevent low back injuries. The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 337, Number 5, 322-328.) Guidance, education and preventive methods in work surroundings are not only a requirement for the wellbeing and safety of the workforce; they are also a legal obligation. Most countries’ labour laws require that employers meet the terms of the safety principles and policy in the place of work or they face huge fines. The aspect of plummeting the causes and frequency of back injuries in the places of work is not only critical for the well being of the workforce but also for the economic well-being of the business. As an employment prerequisite, each worker has the duty to work and act carefully on all jobs, at all times. An individual’s responsibility is to the business, their family and to an extent, themselves. (Amdam, R. P. (2010).  Insights into the S ustainable Growth of Business. Bradford: Emerald Group Pub.) Project Control It is very essential for a business like JIM’S CLEANING to make available a secure and healthy work environment. There are numerous situations where the regulations do not always comprise a specific situation hence you have to take time to constitute a level playing status and put into practice one’s own intelligence and education in order to carry out the task at hand without any injury incidents. . Any employee contributing to an injury has to explain what caused the injury thus the employer will be able to comprehend the reason and thwart any potential similar injuries. It is referred to as safety counselling. Counselling serves two essential roles: 1) To give details on how the worker contributed to the injury, hence getting to know what went wrong and how to go about the predicament. 2) To put into a document the actuality that the business is concerned about the safety of all workers and takes the necessary action to guarantee that injuries can be avoided through training. Safety counselling is not planned as a punitive action. It is simply a training means to make workers aware of what they did wrong and the procedures that should be taken to avoid similar injuries. With such kind of measures in place should an employee continue demonstrating hazardous activities or continue to defy

MIS computer assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MIS computer - Assignment Example On the other hand, the following hardwares were purchased: a computer desktop PC whose feature is described as precision T7910; input devices such as mouse inclusive of a mouse pad and keyboard; output devices such as monitor and external speakers; secondary hard devices such as hard disks and optical storage device; a sound card; and Ethernet network card. The above preferred operating system-OS (window 7 64 bit) is ideal since it does not experience issues related to compatibility that was a thorn in the flesh for the earlier versions such widow XP and Vista. Moreover, its drivers are readily available except the Ethernet drivers which are usually available through the internet platforms (Emdadekh, 2010). The other required softwares such as word processor, spreadsheets, publisher, PowerPoint can be easily installed into the above specified OS as a package inform of office software. The latest version of office (office 2013) is of preference due to the fact that it is not only easier to use but also facilitates easier input techniques and analysis especially when using the spreadsheets. On the other hand, the program for creating PDF files is also easily installed from the internet inclusive of the PDF converter that enables one to convert the PDF script into other forms contained in the office 2013 especially when editing is required. It is prudent to comprehend that the data base management program is part of the office package and once installed one can easily create a data base. For the e-mail program, the provisions such internet browsers such as the Mozilla Firefox, the Google Chrome, and the internet explorer among others enable one to manipulate the e-mailing components of th e program (Emdadekh, 2010). Furthermore, Window 7 readily accepts installation of the latest versions of these browsers. In addition, the computer security system can be enhanced by installing internet security softwares

Effects of Divorce Essay Example for Free

Effects of Divorce Essay Divorce can be defined as the termination of a marital union, the canceling of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and the dissolving of the bonds of matrimony between married couples (Wikipedia, 2013). Divorce affects the couple and children (if any). The divorce is the most serious social problem that affects almost the entire life of the children and the couple, it also makes troubles like: sadness, despair, and unforgettable moments (Williams, 2013). In this paper, I will be discussing the factors contributing to divorce in Canada and will also explain certain statistics used as well. The methodologies that I will be using are both the qualitative and quantitative approach. The reasons I am using both of them are because by using the quantitative research, I will develop mathematical hypotheses pertaining to the phenomena. Also to analyze this topic with the use of statistics to make it somewhat accurate, while for quantitative; because it will explain in word data about my information. I strongly believe that these two forms of methodology will properly explain the factors contributing to divorce. The history of the legalization of divorce in Canada predates that of its colonial overseer, England, where it was only in 1857 that divorce was legislated, mainly on grounds of adultery. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island respectively enacted divorce laws in 1761, 1791, and 1837, generally on grounds of adultery (Wu Schimmele, 2009). It was not until 1968 that Canada enacted its first unified Federal Divorce Act, which was followed by the more liberal or no fault act of 1985 and it was mentioned that the sole reason for divorce is marriage breakdown, which is defined as either living apart for at least one year, or committing adultery, or treating the other spouse with physical or mental cruelty. Though divorce rates have not increased recently in Canada, the number of divorced persons is however increasing with population growth. In 2007, there were 972,183 divorced women and 712,531 divorced men in the population (Statistics Canada, 2007). The difference between the men and women is because divorced men re-partner faster and more than women and also because women live longer than men.

Information Technology Advantages and Disadvantages

Information Technology Advantages and Disadvantages The importance of Information Technology The importance of technology comes from that Technology has an important impact on innovation and the development of societies and economies. This impact can be observed in three steps. The first step is substitution, new technology substitutes for the old. For example, consumers start substituting their fixed telephone lines with mobile telephones. The second step is the diffusion, when adopting the new technology is widely across society because it is law cost or better or more effective than the previous technology. The final step is transformation when the new technology ways start working and emerging because the new technology is diffused so widely in society. For example, the widespread adoption of the networking has led to interesting innovations in the communication patterns of individuals such as executives conducting business while waiting in airport lounges or traveling in trains.( DUTTA MIA , 2001)World Economic Forum. ICT offers more opportunities for economic development and plays very important role in international competitiveness, rapid economic change, and productive capacity of improvements for developing countries. ICTs offer the developing countries many opportunities, as it has done in the developed world, when it created unprecedented possibilities for them. Studies have emphasized that there is evidence of a strong linkage between GDP growth and ICT investment showing the importance of ICT investment for development. According to an OECD research project, which was conducted in the year 2002, there is an impact of ICT on the economy. In addition, in the GDP growth per capita, ICT investment accounted for between 0.5% and 1.3% (Nodu, 2004). Also, Organizations have increased their investment in information technology IT for planning in order to increase the efficiency of their business processes. Support management decision making and improve productivity. So IT become important tool to attaining competitive advantage for the organization and improves employees productivity and efficiency (Kim Lee Law, 2007) Besides, Many researches investigate the relation between IT investment and increase the productivity and the performance in the companies one of these studies (sircar et al, 2000) which found several organization success with the spending on the IT but others were failed. (Agarwal karahanna, 2000) argue in this result that IT investment will be successful when IT utilized by the organization intended user in the way contribute to the strategy and the goals of the firms. Thus user acceptance is the key for the successes of the IT investment (Darsono, 2005). Also, for more than two decades information technology has been the focus for researcher in information system this is because IT considers as the key to lead the organization for the good performance so many researches focus in the initial usage for IT or continuous usage foe IT (Premkumar Bhattacherjee, 2005). The advantages and disadvantages from adopting information technology (brien maracas, 2008, management information system, edition 8, chapter 1, p55) the advantages (for strategy advantage). Information technology uses to support the competitive strategy in helping the companies to reduce the costs of the company to give special offer for its products and services and give better care about customers and suppliers and to develop unions among the company and the company with the environment around the company and increase the virtue of its investment in IT resources. By using the information technology the organization or the companies will be able to develop the value of its business through out making the customer value the focus of its strategy which is to keep track of its customers preferences to supply its products and services anytime anywhere by using the internet or intranet and extranet(e-commerce websites). A lot of organizations/companies use information technology and internet to reengineering its business process because information technology can make integration for the organization to work for the same goal of the organization and this improves the design of the work flows or the requirements of the job even the organization structures even improve the efficiency and the effectiveness. Information technology provides the communication and the information required for the managers in order to manage the different activities within the organization and the resources from the partners to get the advantage from the changes in the market environment. Information technology can support the organization competitive strategy by making the organization as the knowledge creating to make innovation by creating its process style or product and service for its work or learning organization by doing similar in what the another companies created by using the internet to get the knowledge that it needs. The disadvantages Some disadvantages of information technology include: Unemployment While information technology may have streamlined the business process it has also crated job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done away with causing more people to become unemployed. Privacy Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge. Lack of job security Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This means that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for their job to be secure. Dominant culture While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. For example it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English becoming the primary mode of communication for business and everything else (http://www.smallbusinessbible.org/advan_disadvan_informationtechnology.html# 3/4/2009 5:10am). Lecture review Behavior intention According to (Davis , 1989: Kiraz Ozdemir, 2006: Hwang Y. Yi, 2002: Phau Gan, 2000)The technology acceptance model TAM consists of four main factors as major determinants of technology acceptance these factors are perceived ease of use, Perceived usefulness, the attitudes toward the usage and the frequency of use of technology. That means if people want to accept or reject any specific technology they should increase users believes that this technology will help them do their work better and this refer to perceived usefulness and extend their believes in that the system is ease of use and the benefit is more than the effort from the use for this technology. In another wards, If the users perceive easy of use from that technology and perceive usefulness from the technology for their work purposes .that means, there are Positive attitudes toward the technology usage n have a positive relation with the behavior intention to use the technology. Therefore, (Chang, 2004) was conducted The study which purposed to explore the validity of the extension of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) based on social and facilitating as main factors to predict intranet/portal usage because those factors are most dominant in the educational environment. The study found that there was strong positive relation among Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and users attitudes towards the intranet. And the Attitude has strong relation with the user intention to use. And the intention to behave had a strong relation with the actual usage this conform the positive significant relation in TAM and its constructs are to predicting the user acceptance of the intranet/portal. Even there are relation between experience and perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Even experience is a stronger predictor for perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness than age does. So, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) which created by (Davis Bagozzi Warshaw, 1989; Davis et al., 1989) Studied some important factors affecting in the use of the information technology. the TAM explained how the behavior intention to use the technology effected by one basic factor to cause the actual use for the new system, therefore the behavior intention to use the technology is the merely or only determined related to actual use for the system, beside that the latest studies confirmed that the behavior intention to use the technology is the merely mediated factor. In another words, the TAM explains attitude factors affecting the behavior intention to use with putting the focus on the attitudes as a factor to use the technology (Kiraz Ozdemir, 2006). And in contrast that, the attitude not the only the factor who is affecting on the behavior intention to use but there are another factors can affect the behavior intention to use as in the study was conducted by (Gong Xu Yu, 2004) which aimed to identify additional determinants factors for the technology acceptance in the education sector. The study found that there are direct and indirect significant effect for perceived usefulness on the behavior intention to use the system and this effect is strong on the behavior intention to use more than the effect on the attitudes and the attitude was formed by perceived usefulness. Beside, that perceived ease of use has effect on perceived usefulness and the attitudes of the users but the effect on the attitudes was not significant this due to the combination of the factors like organization, subjects and the technology or due to the users have one month experience and they need to use the system easier and free of effort .and self-efficacy has strong direct effect on intention to use and perceived ease of use but on ease of use more effect than intention to behavior. Another study was conducted to confirm that intention to behavior is determined the actual behavior by (Aversano, 2005) which purposed to explore why some people refuse to use the mobile telephone in USA. The study used the theory of Ajzen to give exploration of human behavior to understanding a persons actions in behavior like social attitude and personality trait it considered as important to explain human behavior. And the study used TPB to confirm that intention to behavior is determined the actual behavior. And there are three factors predicting the Intention to behavior are attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control as same as TRA with focus in the important of the intention to behavior with the adoption for the technology. Even the study used the TAM2 which explains perceived usefulness in terms of cognitive and social influence processes. (Aversano, 2005) was conducted the study which purposed to explore why some people refuse to use the mobile telephone in USA. The study used the theory of Ajzen to give exploration of human behavior to understanding a persons actions in behavior like social attitude and personality trait it considered as important to explain human behavior. And the study used TPB to confirm that intention to behavior is determined the actual behavior. And there are three factors predicting the Intention to behavior are attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control as same as TRA with focus in the important of the intention to behavior with the adoption for the technology. Even the study used the TAM2 which explains perceived usefulness in terms of cognitive and social influence processes. Moreover, in the latest studies, like the study was conducted by (Hwang Yi, 2002) in the intrinsic motivation and computer self-efficacy research to Technology Acceptance Model in order to predict the use of web-based information systems. The study found that behavioral intention and self-efficacy have a significant effect on actual use. Even perceived enjoyment and self-efficacy were significant determinants of ease of use. Even was found that self-efficacy was a strong determinant for ease of use and actual use. The study supported all the relations were purposed in the technology acceptance model. Even the studies (Klloppiing McKiinneyy, 2004: Jones S. Hubona, 2005) support that relation. Also, the study was conducted by (Jones Hubona, 2005) which aimed to determine the effect of staff seniority, age, and education level on usage behavior. The study supported all TAM construction. Even Education level would directly affect actual usage behavior besides effect on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. But in contrast, the study was conducted by (Al Mutairi, 2007) which goaled to examine TAM applicability in Kuwait ministries. The study finding did not support the relationship between the variables as were in TAM. In another ward, the study didnt find relation between ease of use and usefulness this in one hand and in the other hand there is no relation between ease of use and usefulness with actual usage. And the study mention that maybe because the differences in the national cultural, public organization context, dependent variables nature. Also, in the study was conducted by (Chismar Patton, 2002) which made among the physicians to examines their intention to adopt Internet-based health applications by using the applicability of the (TAM2). The study found that the strong determinant for intention to use was perceived usefulness. Intention to use by physicians was explained by the effects of usefulness and output quality. And the relation between perceived usefulness and intention to use was significant, whereas image, subjective norm and perceived ease of use were not significant. And that due to that physicians have high level of adaptability, cognitive capacity and intellectual, they comprehend faster than the normal people for new technologies. And they are willing to adopt information technology that has beneficial applications even if it not easy to use. Attitudes and Believes According to (Davis , 1989: Kiraz Ozdemir, 2006: Hwang Y. Yi, 2002: Phau Gan, 2000)The technology acceptance model TAM consists of four main factors as major determinants of technology acceptance these factors are perceived ease of use, Perceived usefulness, the attitudes toward the usage and the frequency of use of technology. That means if people want to accept or reject any specific technology they should set up their attitudes by increase users believes that this technology will help them do their work better and this refer to perceived usefulness and extend their believes in that the system is ease of use and the benefit is more than the effort from the use for this technology. In another wards, If the users perceive easy of use from that technology and perceive usefulness from the technology for their work purposes .that means, there are Positive attitudes toward the technology usage n have a positive relation with the behavior intention to use the technology. Therefore, in order to put spotlight in the important of mediating the attitudes for the relation between the beliefs and the actual usage for the technology (Chang, 2004) conducted The study which purposed to explore the validity of the extension of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) based on social and facilitating as main factors to predict intranet/portal usage because those factors are most dominant in the educational environment. The found were that there was strong positive relation among Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and users attitudes towards the intranet. And the Attitude has strong relation with the user intention to use. And the intention to behave had a strong relation with the actual usage this conform the positive significant relation in TAM and its constructs are to predicting the user acceptance of the intranet/portal. Even there are relation between experience and perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Even experience is a stronger predictor f or perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness than age does. Also, the study was conducted by (algahtani, 2004) which aimed for more understanding of the acceptance for the technology in different cultures. The study found that there is strong support for the effect of the attitude in the behavior to use the computer and satisfaction. Even though this was supported in the study was conducted In Malaysia by (Mohd Syed-Mohamad Zaini, 2005) to identify the relation between information quality and the acceptance of doctors for Electronic Medical Record System (EMR) in one of Malaysian hospital. The study found that the information quality has significant relationship with perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use .even the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have significant relationship with attitude of using EMR system. Moreover, the user acceptance factor Information Quality has significant relationship with attitude of using EMR system through out easy of use and usefulness. The study conducted by (Gong Xu Yu, 2004) which aimed to identify additional determinants for the technology acceptance in the education sector. The study found that there are direct and indirect significant effect for perceived usefulness on the behavior intention to use the system and this effect is strong on the behavior intention to use more than the effect on the attitudes and the attitude was formed by perceived usefulness. Beside, that perceived ease of use has effect on perceived usefulness and the attitudes of the users but the effect on the attitudes was not significant this due to the combination of the factors like organization, subjects and the technology or due to the users have one month experience and they need to use the system easier and free of effort .and self-efficacy has strong direct effect on intention to use and perceived ease of use but on ease of use more effect than intention to behavior. In contrast to The study conducted by (Gong Xu Yu, 2004), The study was conducted by (Yang, 2007) which Focus on the time in the affect of perceived usefulness and ease of use on the attitudes, which aimed to study the usage of the technology acceptance model for doing another examination of the relationships between students attitude toward the use of WebCT and the determinants of the actual usage in light of social presence and sociability. the study found that The perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use was supported by self-efficacy, but more strong to the ease of use and both perceived usefulness and ease of use support the attitude toward the actual usage this was in the first test for the relation and in the second test was found that the subjective norms was negative value to the social presence and the actual use but lower support for the actual use. The study focuses on the time which makes the effects of the variable in the attitude. Which means perceived usefulness directly changed by times after use the system. And the study was conducted by (Yalcinkaya B.A M.S, 2007) to investigate the acceptance for the police officer for the POLNET system in Turkish. The study found that Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on attitude and intentions to use the system. And the study considers that the variable ease of use considered the main factor effecting in the attitude toward behavior attention to actual usage. This Result supported the result for the last study by (Venkatesh Davis, 2000) which conformed that perceived ease of use is strongly related to the system usage. Beside that the study found that there is positive affect for Perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness of police Officers using the system. In another ward, those police officers preferred to use the system because its easy to use. And the same for Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on the attitude and has a strongly effect on Attitude and Intention to Use the information technology, the study mentioned that T urkish police officers using the system because they perceive the system is useful. Hence, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are very strong predictive factors on attitude and intention to use the system. From the pervious two studies, both studies (Yang, 2007: Yalcinkaya B.A M.S, 2007) confirm that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness affect on the attitude which in the same time attitude affect on the behavior intention to use toward the actual use for the technology. Regardless the stronger affect on the attitude. The study conducted by(Ahn Ryu Han, 2007)which its goal to investigated the playfulness effect ion on user acceptance of online retailing , tested factors of Web quality and the relationship between those factors and user acceptance behavior. The study found that there are significant between playfulness and attitude and behavior intention to use. Even there is significant and influences for service quality, perceived strengths of system and information on playfulness, usefulness, and perceived ease of use. Even there are significant for System quality influence on usefulness, ease of use and playfulness. Even Information quality had significant influenced on usefulness, ease of use and playfulness. Service quality had significant influence on playfulness, ease of use and usefulness. Besides that Playfulness considered an important factor affecting the attitude and intention to use online retailing users. In contrast, to the study conducted by (Kiraz Ozdemir , 2006) which target the utilization of technology integration in the classroom focused on educational ideology, a factor not related to technology that also affects decisions in terms of educational applications. The study found that there is a direct effect of perceived usefulness on the actual use, and there is also a direct affect of perceived ease of use on attitudes. Besides, this study showed that attitudes towards the usage effected by perceived usefulness, and there is no significant effect of attitude towards usage and the actual use, this contrast the result in (TAM).Also, the study shows that there is no significant relationship between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. In another wards, there is a strong positive relationship between pre-service teachers perceived ease of use of educational technology and their attitudes toward use. The study mentioned that all of the ideologies were mentioned have effe cts on attitudes toward use. Moreover, educational anarchism, educational libertinism, and educational intellectualism have an effect on the perceived usefulness of technology. Both studies show that there is affect for perceived ease of use and usefulness on the attitude towards the behavior intention to use toward the use of the technology. Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness It is important to understand that the perceived usefulness and the perceived ease of use of the technology are not formed solely by the usefulness and ease of use of the technology. According to the study was conducted by (Park Brien Caine Rogers Fisk Ittersum Capar Parsons, 2006) which aimed to identify variables that can provide more understanding for technology acceptance. The study mentioned that there are many variables affecting the technology acceptance like technology characteristics, organization characteristics, subjective norm, User characteristics all interacted with the acceptance through out a positive effect on perceived usefulness. Beside that, the study was conducted by (Kishore Lee McLean, 2001) which used social cognitive theory (SCT), computer self-efficacy (CSE), technology acceptance model (TAM), the risk management, personal general innovativeness and specific computer self-efficacy to extend TAM. The study was mentioned that perceived usefulness and ease of use were granted as the main factors effecting in the actual usage. Also, the study was conducted by (goeke, 2006) which aimed to examine the effects of experience and expertise on the actual use for the data warehouse by using TAM. The study found that perceived usefulness and ease of use had significant effect on the usage for the technology and the usefulness stronger in the effect then ease of use. Even there is direct effect for the usefulness in the actual usage for the system. Also found there is direct effect for ease of use on perceived usefulness. And there is positive effect for the external variable on both perceived usefulness and ease of use. The result from (goeke, 2006) was supported in the study was conducted by (Brown, 2002) which aimed to examine perceived ease of use for the technology web-based in learning environment in developing country not developed country. And the finding was that the study confirms TAM relations that ease of use predicts the usefulness and the actual usage but usefulness doesnt predict the actual usage. besides, there are significant influences for self-efficacy and ease of finding and ease of understanding on perceived ease of use and ease of understanding more influences than ease of finding on perceived ease of use and the self-efficacy is the strongest influences on the ease of use but computer anxiety was the fewer influences. Inconsistent with prior research (Bani-Ali Money, 2005) the effect of ease of use is lower than other proposed factors. A possible explanation is that users level of experience with new software may influence the relative importance of system ease of use. Despite, the study which contacted by (Hasan Ali, 2006) to distinguished between general, system-specific CSE and examines the effects of both levels of CSE on two key training outcomes: reactions and learning performance. Reactions were examined with respect to perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. The findings were that general CSE had significant effects on perceived ease of use and far-transfer learning. Even the study found that GCSE demonstrated a non-significant positive effect on perceived usefulness. On the other hand, SCSE exhibited a non-significant negative effect on perceived usefulness this because study were measured two weeks after training. Also, The Study was conducted by (Saeed Helm, 2008) which proposes that perceived usefulness affected by information quality and system integration which will then drive post adoption usage of the IS. The study findings support that system integration and information quality are significant predictors for usefulness, even usefulness positively and significantly relates to extended usage and exploratory usage. The Study mentioned that perceived usefulness affects the initial acceptance of IS, that means, there is a stronger relation between exploratory usage and usefulness. More over, the study was conducted by (Gyampah Salam, 2003) which aimed to examine ERP training and ERP project communication, will affect the TAM variables only through the psychological variable-shared beliefs in the perceived benefits of the ERP system. The study found that perceived usefulness is the important factor affecting in the beliefs to make positive attitudes towards the system. Even that the study supports that perceived ease of use not affect attitude towards using particular system. This supports others studies that show that perceived ease of use does not have a significant on attitude in the usage for the system. Even was found that training has important and significant positive influences on the shared beliefs in the benefits of the system and shared beliefs influence both the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of the system through out affect attitude, which in turn affects intention to behavior. Study confirms that communication with effective train ing affect the core TAM variables. And the training on the system has significant affect on perceived ease of use. Besides that, the study was conducted by (Yi Hwang, 2003) in the intrinsic motivation and computer self-efficacy research to Technology Acceptance Model in order to predict the use of web-based information systems. It found that behavioral intention and self-efficacy have a significant effect on actual use. Even perceived enjoyment and self-efficacy were significant determinants of ease of use. Even was found that self-efficacy was a strong determinant for ease of use and actual use. The study supported all the relations were purposed in the technology acceptance model. Even the studies (Klloppiing McKiinneyy, 2004: Jones S. Hubona, 2005) support that too. Perceived usefulness and playfulness considered as importance from the inexperienced e-commerce shoppers prospective. That means sites playfulness is essential to perceptions of usefulness, while for more experienced e-commerce shoppers, the perceived usefulness of the site can be evident independent of its playfulness, that was proved in the study was conducted by (Klopping McKinney, 2006) which conducted to examines the role of experience on consumers intentions to shop online. The study found that experience has direct and indirect effects on intention to use e-commerce, and there are moderating effects on perceived usefulness, playfulness, and self efficacy to intention to use e-commerce. Besides, there is a significant difference in the relationship of playfulness on perceived usefulness between inexperienced e-commerce shoppers and experienced e-commerce shoppers. Even, in the study was conducted by(T-Pikkarainen K-Pikkarainen Karjaluoto Pahnila ,2004) which aimed to increase the understanding of the factors that influence online banking acceptance from the technology acceptance model (TAM) prospective and to study consumer acceptance of online banking in Finland . it found that Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, information on online banking, and security and privacy have an impact on the acceptance of online banking and Perceived usefulness and the amount of information on online banking the most factors influence the use of online banking services. And found that Perceived usefulness was more than Perceived ease of use effective in explaining technology acceptance. There is significant in the relation between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use for accepting the technology, that was supported by (Almutairi, 2007) which aim to test the applicability of the technology acceptance model (TAM) in Kuwaiti ministries in order to understand the information technology in the government utilities, that also was supported in The study conducted by (Singletary Akbulut Houston, 2002) which purposed to identify factors that effect the acceptance of high school students for software application when the initial use of the application is mandatory. The finding was that there are positive relationships between perceived usefulness, ease of use and innovative usage behavior and there is a positive relationship between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. The study was conducted by (Venkatesh Morris, 2000) which aimed to investigated gender differences in the context of individual adoption and the study conformed technology usage in the workplace by using technology acceptance model. The study found that There is a difference between women and men in that men perceived usefulness to a greater longitudinal than women in using a new technology. And perceived ease of use was more important to women compared with men after basic training and by the time with more experience in using the system that make not significant and not affect on the intention to use the system. But for women ease of use consider the important to affect the intention to use the system. Individual differences Individual acceptance for IT becomes an issue for resea

Types of Societies :: essays research papers

Types of Societies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES are the simplest types of societies in which people rely on readily available vegetation and hunted game for subsistence. Only a few people can be supported in any given area in such subsistence societies. Hence they usually have no more than 40 members or so, must be nomadic, and have little or no division of labor. All societies began as hunting and gathering societies. These societies were still common until a few hundred years ago. Today only a few remain, including pygmies in central Africa and aborigines in Australia. Most of the rest have had their territory overrun by other forms of society. Hunter-gatherer societies also tend to have non-hierarchical social structures. There is rarely surplus food, and since they are nomadic little ability to store any surplus. Thus full-time leaders, bureaucrats, or artisans are rarely supported by hunter-gathering societies. Hunting and gathering society consumes a great deal of time, ene rgy, and thought, collecting and hunting for food. Most of these societies today generally live in marginal areas where resources are scarce, so life for the hunter and gatherer seems more oriented toward mere survival. Life expectancy is also very low compared to the post industrial society. Technology is minimal in the hunting and gathering society, which again relates back to the need for expending time and energy finding food. Technology in medicine is also primitive for hunters and gatherers. Equality is great and social stratification is low, opposed to the post-industrial society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PASTORAL SOCIETIES are societies in which animals are domesticated and raised for food in pastures. Care of animals in the pastoral society still consumes a large portion of time for most of its members. Pastoral societies are also at risk of animal diseases or droughts. These societies do not have the technologies that post-industrial societies have to guard against food shortage. Pastoral society does not afford as much time for leisure as does the post-industrial society. This society does not have the technologies that post-industrial societies have to guard against food shortage. The pastorals are nomadic, and sometimes endure harsh and even dangerous environments in their journeys. Medical technology is also low, so physical pain and death are more common than in post-industrial society. Pastoral societies tended to develop in arid regions where there was insufficient rainfall to raise crops on the land. Pastoral societies were usually nomadic, moving on to a new area after the animals had exhausted the food supply in each pasture.